The, The Sensation Of Happiness Essay - 1851 Words

Kraut’s Objections to Happiness The sensation of happiness is something that has undeniably been argued about for many years by a wide range of philosophical individuals. Questions about the true meaning of being happy are very common, as there are many different viewpoints that have very different opinions on the matter. A well respected analytical philosopher, Richard Kraut, attempted to differentiate a few of these viewpoints, as well as his own standpoint in comparison with Aristotle, who had his own definition of happiness. Aristotle defined happiness in his Nicomachean Ethics as â€Å"eudaimon†, which has roughly been translated as â€Å"human flourishing†. The term does not directly mean happiness, rather, he implored that the term differentiates between the notion of feeling happy, and the act of leading a happy life. Aristotle argued that these happy feelings only pertain to one’s internal identity and are only experienced by that particular individual. Leading a happy life is also exp erienced internally, but it is subject to external criticism, thus giving meaning to a similar, yet different idea. One may argue that a person’s life is full of happiness and joy because they have experienced these emotions, while another, who may have witnessed a large portion of their life, might say they have not had a happy life, despite some of the happy instances had by the person. According to Aristotle, everyone lives for a certain goal of happiness through self-accomplishment andShow MoreRelatedThe Spiritual Experience Of Living Every Moment With Love1400 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Happiness cannot be traveled to, owned, earned, or won. It is the spiritual experience of living every moment with love, grace gratitude.† –Denis Waitley What is happiness? People have agonized over this question for centuries, but only recently has science begun to measure in on the debate. Over the centuries a variety of biological, psychological, religious and philosophical approaches have striven to define happiness and identify its sources, but happy/ happiness is one emotion that couldRead MoreThe Abstract Of Figurative Language Essay1674 Words   |  7 Pagesinternal representation of a happy cognitive state I perceive happiness I understand that the word â€Å"happy† represents a happiness. As it can be seen this process seems a bit lengthy, takes a lot of explicit intentionality, and is heavily cognitive centered. The understanding of the word â€Å"happiness† solely comes from the internal representation of it within the mind. And under modern theory, the â€Å"self’s interpretation of the word â€Å"happiness† is reliant only on the â€Å"self,† not the body or its environmentRead MorePositive Psychology Can Not Make Us Happier887 Words   |  4 Pagestheir own happiness without the aid of external influences has been raised and researched. However, the answer to the question is unclear. Positive psychology is a branch of psychology that supports the theory that an individual’s happiness is under their personal control, independent of any external influences or validation. Consequently, researchers have uncovered evidence that provides mixed results regarding the effectiveness of positive psychology in increasing individual hap piness. For instanceRead MoreAristotles Teachings Essay examples799 Words   |  4 Pagesan ability to play back a recording of a previous sensation. If we were to imagine an object, for example a vase, we are simply playing back a previous recording of an actual sensation, or a mixture of more than one sensation, such as that of our eyes actually previously seeing a vase. So in our mind an imagination or dream is not different from seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling an actual object, because we are simply replaying a real sensation. In his teachings, the nature of life canRead MoreEpicurus And John Stuart Mill967 Words   |  4 Pagesa good, fulfilling life. They all included the concepts of pleasure and happiness to some extent in their theories, but they all approached the ideas in different ways. The two hedonists we studied, Epicurus and John Stuart Mill, place heavy emphasis on the importance of pleasure. They both believe that pleasure is a necessity in the ideal life. Jean Kazez agreed with their viewpoints in her theory and said that happiness was a necessity for a good life. Epicurus and Mill also argue that thereRead MoreDiscussion of Utilitarianism Essay examples830 Words   |  4 Pagespropinquity nearness of time of the pleasure and pain to the act. Finally, there are consequential characteristics of pain and pleasure and they are, fecundity: probability that the sensation will be followed by another sensation, impurity: probability that the sensation will be followed by another sensation of the opposite kind, extent: the # of persons affected by the act. Bentham’s utility principle is saying that the sadistic voyeur should open the curtain. If he opens theRead MorePsychological Egoism765 Words   |  4 Pagesmind†, it would be difficult to explain how he could have derived pleasure from helping them. â€Å"The very fact that he did feel satisfaction as a result of helping the pigs presupposes that he had a preexisting desire for something other than his own happiness. Then when that desire was satisfied, Lincoln of course derived pleasure. The object of Lincoln’s desire was not pleasure; rather pleasure was the consequence of his preexisting desire for something else† (p 430). In statement (c), the egoistsRead MoreThe Buddhas Four Noble Truths: a Logical Basis for Philosophy1688 Words   |  7 Pagesaggregates. These include rupa (matter), vedana (sensations), sanna (perceptions), samkhara (mental formations), and vijnana (consciousness). The aggregate of matter encompasses all tangible aspects of the world. The aggregate of sensations is akin to the process of sensory input; e.g., the activation of retinal cells in the eye. Vedana does not include the process of perception, however; the act of perceiving the senses, i.e., recognition of external sensations, is within the realm of the sanna. BuddhaRead More The Buddhas Four Noble Truths: A Logical Basis For Philosophy1651 Words   |  7 Pagesaggregates. These include rupa (matter), vedana (sensations), sanna (perceptions), samkhara (mental formations), and vijnana (consciousness). The aggregate of matter encompasses all tangible aspects of the world. The aggregate of sensations is akin to the process of sensory input; e.g., the activation of retinal cells in the eye. Vedana does not include the process of perception, however; the act of perceiving the senses, i.e., recognition of external sensations, is within the realm of the sanna. BuddhaRead MoreLife, Liberty, And The Pursuit Of Happiness902 Words   |  4 PagesAs a citizen of the United States, you are entitled to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. This is a VIRTUE that everyone embarks on; however, what if you were told you were doing it wrong? Aristotle begins his STORY stating that â€Å"EVERY art and every inquiry, and similarly every action and pursuit, is thought to aim at some good; and for this reason the good has rightly been declared to be that at which all things aim.† He goes on to say then, because these ends at which we aim are only

Essay on Acoustic Waves in Physics - 682 Words

Acoustic Waves in Physics  An acoustic wave can simply be described as a longitudinal wave. A longitudinal wave is a wave that vibrates and moves in the direction of its propagation. This means the medium is either in the same or opposite direction of the way the wave travels. Acoustic waves are a form of Mechanical longitudinal waves; these waves are otherwise known as compression waves or compressional waves. Compressional waves obviously produce compression, decompression, and rarefaction to travel. In Physics, the acoustic wave has an equation to describe the evolution of acoustic pressure and particle velocity as a function. The general equation is: Acoustic waves have multiple equations, but this version is the†¦show more content†¦The molecules seem to move when something pushes them and forces the molecules to bump into each other. This process makes the compression and rare factor that I have talked about before. Acoustic waves are an isolation of pressure that travel in a wave pattern. Acoustic waves cause a vibration that leads to your ear that allows us to hear. These acoustic waves are defined by three different characteristics. These characteristics are amplitude, frequency and wave length. Amplitude is the energy in a wave. The amplitude affects its volume or sound. The number of waves that pass a point at each second, the higher the frequency, the higher the pitch compared to those who have low frequencies. You can describe these waves as the waves that allow humans and other species to hear. There is not different types of acoustic waves. The acoustic wave is a longitudinal compressional wave. [8] There are no other kind of acoustic waves, sometimes they have different equations but that is because some are higher and or stronger than others. Acoustic waves in fact can be reflected. It is said that the waves can possibly exhibit different sorts of phenomena. Diffraction, interference and reflection are all examples of phenomena the wave can go through. This brings to topic an important difference between acoustic waves and sound waves. Without acoustic waves it would beShow MoreRelatedThe Physics of Acoustic Guitar800 Words   |  4 Pages The Physics of Acoustic Guitar Everything in the universe involves some type of physics. Even the universe itself does, but have you ever wondered about the physics of simpler items? Physics is vital for all musical instruments, if it wasn’t; they probably wouldn’t produce the beautiful sounds that they do. One of these instruments is acoustic guitar. By looking at the instrument, it doesn’t look very complicated, but if you delve deeper into its composition, you’ll find that it’s very complicatedRead More The Physics of Ultrasounds Essay1717 Words   |  7 PagesThe Physics of Ultrasounds Without the use of physics in the medical field today, diagnosis of problems would be challenging, to say the least. The world of medical imaging in particular has benefited greatly from the use of physics. Ultrasound is sound waves that have a frequency too high for humans to hear. With a shorter wavelength than audible sound, these waves can be directed into a narrow beam that is used in imaging soft tissues (Farr and Allisy-Roberts 183). As with audibleRead More81253894 Ultrasound Physics Essay1171 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ ULTRASOUND PHYSICS Name Institution a) Calculate the Acoustic impedance of subcutaneous tissue, muscle and bone. Assume subcutaneous tissue has a density of 1060kg/m3 (Hedrick 2003), muscle has a density of 1104kg/m3 (Madjor 2008) and bone has a density of 5065kg/m3 (Hedrick 2003). Give your answer in Mrayls. Please use speed of sound as 1540m/s for tissue, muscle and bone In ultrasound, Acoustic impedance (Z) is the quantity of measurement of resistance to sound when passing throughRead MorePhysics Assignment : Medical Imaging1672 Words   |  7 PagesAnne Maguire 1/12/2016 Physics Assignment Medical Imaging MDPMS 1. Sound is travelling from material 1 to material 2. The density of material 1 id 25 kg ms-3 and the density of material 2 is 18 kg m-3. The speed of sound in material 1 is 1900 ms-1 and in material 2 is 18 kg m-3. The speed of sound in material 1 is 1900 ms-1 and in material 2 it is 700 ms-1. The acoustic impedance of each material Z= pV Acoustic impedance (Z) Density is (p) Acoustic Velocity (V) For materialRead MoreEssay about Flute Acoustics546 Words   |  3 Pageshtml#Tube) Since the flute is open to the air at the ends the total pressure is close to atmospheric pressure. So the acoustic pressure is close to zero. In order for a wave to satisfy this condition the longest standing wave is one in which its wavelength is twice as long as the flute! The pressure inside the tube does not have to be atmospheric. Websters dictionary defines a wave as, A disturbance or variation that transfers energy progressively from point to point in a medium and that may takeRead More Physics of an Acoustic Guitar Essay1756 Words   |  8 PagesPhysics of an Acoustic Guitar I have been watching my husband play the guitar in a band for five years and he has made it look so easy to make such beautiful music. Most guitar players have progressed with the technology of electric guitars, but when my husband picks up an acoustic guitar and starts to play a song for just me, I hear his love for me in the sounds that he produces. Imagine my surprise when a physics class conveyed to me that there was much more to his playing than I hadRead MoreAn Evaluation Of 4.1 Simulation Tool1791 Words   |  8 Pages 4.1 Simulation Tool COMSOL Multiphysics is one of the few general-purpose software platform which provides profusion accuracy, because of its advanced numerical methods, for simulation and modelling of physics-based problems. It is a simulation platform with devoted to solving of physics based interfaces and it also provides tools for mechanical, electrical, chemical and fluid flow applications. Supplementary interfacing products tie to COMSOL Multiphysics simulations with technical computing, CADRead MoreThe Study Of Nonlinear Electron-Acoustic ( EA ) Wave Propagation?1470 Words   |  6 Pagesnonlinear electron-acoustic (EA) wave propagation is one of the predominant research areas in space plasma environments. The concept of EA waves was developed by Fried and Gould (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) 1 (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) for the first time in an unmagnetized plasma, and they observed that electron plasma oscillations can appear in a continuous formulation without cor relation in the presence of collective effects, making the physics non-trivial. The authorsRead More Physics of Music Essay851 Words   |  4 Pagespossible, one must have an understanding of physics. Physics allows us to create musical instruments with different tone qualities and the ability to be played in a certain way to produce a specific pitch or note. Music is sound, and sound is vibrations or waves that are at the right frequency to be perceived by the human ear. Audible vibrations are waves with a frequency between 16 and 20,000 vibrations per second. So what causes sound waves? Sound waves are caused by a disturbance in an elastic mediumRead MoreThe Application Of Ultrasound Technology1188 Words   |  5 Pagesultrasonic equipment 5 Future development of ultrasound technology 5 Conclusion 6 References 6 â€Æ' Introduction Ultrasound is a sound wave that has a frequency greater than the highest frequency humans can hear, therefore it occupies frequency ranges from 20 kHz up to several GHz. Ultrasound is bound by the exactly same wave properties as all other sorts of waves, those being: reflection, refraction, diffraction and mode conversion. Ultrasound is widely used in current days, across a vast number

The Issue Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research - 1391 Words

One of the biggest problems that biomedical scientists struggle with today is finding a cure to cancer. Thousands of scientists across the world devote their time and resources to solving this puzzle and saving thousands of lives. Over the last few decades, technology and medicine has advanced significantly increasing the life expectancy of the average human life. However, further steps need to be taken to achieve what doctors and scientists have set out to accomplish. In order to do this, many believe that embryonic stem cell research could be the key to unlocking a variety of medical problems. However, in the early 2000’s, the United States saw a significant decrease in federal funding available for this research. This could set back the medical advances by years if researchers could not continue their work. A decrease in restrictions while increasing federal funding for embryonic stem cell research is vital for taking steps forward in ethically finding cures for many injuri es and diseases that affect millions of people every day. Many scientists believe that embryonic stem cell (ESC) research is the key to curing diseases such as cancer and HIV. Stem cells are so important to biomedical research because they are primitive cells that are capable of replicating indefinitely producing a multitude of different types of cells. This means that one of these pre-determined cells has to potential of becoming any range of over two hundred tissues with epithelial cells to blood andShow MoreRelatedSupport of Embryonic Stem Cell Research Essay769 Words   |  4 PagesEmbryonic stem cell is one of the most controversial, widely discussed medical issues in the United States today. The medical use of stem cell raises difficult moral and political questions. To understand about embryonic stem cell. I thought we should discuss what embryonic stem cells are. According to Scientific American; June 2004, embryonic stem are derived from the portion of a very early stage embryo that would eventually give rise to an entire body. Be cause embryonic stem cells originate inRead More Embryonic Stem Cell Research: How does it affect you? Essay1557 Words   |  7 Pages Embryonic Stem Cell Research: How does it affect you? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Embryonic stem cell research is widely controversial in the scientific world. Issues on the ethics of Embryonic Stem (ES) cell research have created pandemonium in our society. The different views on this subject are well researched and supportive. The facts presented have the capability to support or possibly change the public’s perspective. This case study is based on facts and concernsRead MoreStem Cell Research Debate1119 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Stem Cell Research Debate There are only a small number of issues that are controversial as far as the public, the government and scientists are concerned. The father of all issues, however, is the debate that revolves around the ethics of stem cell research. Stem cells can be defined as those cells in an embryo that essentially give rise to the entire organism (Capra, 1999). In the contemporary world of today, the issue of embryonic stem cell research is one of this controversial significantRead MoreEmbryonic Stem Cells Or No?1006 Words   |  5 PagesEmbryonic Stem Cells or No? Did you know that since 1981, researchers have been removing embryonic stem cells from thousands of embryos to create cells that could potentially save people from diseases? How many patients do you think this has helped since then? Hundreds? Thousands? Wrong. In fact, not one â€Å"cure† has been found to help people with Parkinson’s, cancer, heart disease and so many more rare diseases that it is said to be able to help. Embryonic stem cell research has been an issue inRead MoreResearch On Stem Cell Research Essay1708 Words   |  7 Pages Stem Cell Research James A Merritt PIMA Medical institute Embryonic stem cell research is a controversial topic. In the religious aspect its man trying to play the authority of GOD on whether people should live, die or suffer from ailments and injuries. On a scientific and medical aspect it is compassionate people lookingRead MoreThe Debate Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research931 Words   |  4 Pages Embryonic stem cell research is the study of stem cells derived from the undifferentiated inner mass cells of a human embryo. For many years now, the ethics of embryonic stem cell research has been argued. A recent advance in this line of research is the ability to clone the embryonic stem cells, which allows for researchers to create a completely compatible embryonic stem cell to the individual’s tissue type. Though this new science may be very beneficial, not everyone can agree on the ethics ofRead MoreThe Debate Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research1460 Words   |  6 Pages I believe that embryonic stem cell research should be allowed in the United States. From previous encounters with the topic I have learned that the many benefits that can come from stem cell research are without a doubt astounding and unimaginable. There are simply endless possibilities that can arise if the research was allowed to be conducted. From giving back vision to rebuilding tissue, any advance in stem cell research would be beneficial to the medical world. With the help that the advancesRead MoreStem Cells: Characterization and Biomedical Importance Essay example854 Words   |  4 PagesOver the past decade, stem cell biology has been an area that has caused much controversy. Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into many different types of cells and therefore, advocates of stem cell research argue that the cells have various medical applications. On the other hand, opponents of stem cell research denounce the use of human embryos for research purposes, claiming that the embryos represent human lives and that experimentation with them and subsequent annihilation of themRead MoreEssay about Embryonic Stem Cell Research1357 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Embryonic Stem Cell Research Embryonic stem cell research is a highly controversial topic in todays society, this kind of stem cell commits to regenerate any type of tissue. Unfortunately, Embryonic Stem Cell Research has a dark side. To obtain these cells will kill the embryo automatically. In other words, the acquirement of the Human Embryonic Stem Cell includes performing an abortion. To obtain these cells, it would kill the embryo. This has created controversy since abortion is suchRead MoreThe Debate Over Stem Cell Research1027 Words   |  5 PagesStem cell research is the study of basic cells that are grown in laboratories where tests are made to determine the essential properties of the cells. Over the past few decades, stem cell research has become a popular scientific debate and controversy. Stem cell research is still considered to be relatively new technology that is responsible for taking human cells and developing them into 220 different cells in the human body. Stem cell research has the poten tial to help disease research and management

The Implications Of Gender Divisions - 1763 Words

The Implications of Gender Divisions: A Critical Examination through a Postmodern Feminist Analysis Ashourina Hanna ID: 500495249 Dr. Amina Jamal SOC 475 24 November 2014 Word Count: 1766 Feminism addresses and recognizes the struggles often underwent by women of the past. Unfortunately, women’s historical struggles and lived experiences in the domestic sphere and private sectors of life have been erased from public awareness. Their realities often went unnoticed as they were not considered as ‘legitimate’ in contrast to those experiences of their male counterparts. In response to this, Gynocentric Feminists attempted to tackle these inequalities and have since then tried to reconstitute their own knowledge tailored†¦show more content†¦In her work, Butler examines earlier forms of feminism and their frequent use of social constructions of binary gender ideals. Butler maintains her argument that feminists in particular should abandon this idea of sharing this universal common gender identity (Seidman, 216). Butler is very critical of this perspective because she finds that it undermines the experiences of all women and generalizes them int o one cohesive experience. In this sense, feminism is essentially reinforcing binary gender ideals—by feminists identifying themselves solely as women they are only perpetuating social productions of gender that have been constructed through a male-dominated context. Although feminism is uniting women through this sense of sharing a common identity that distinguishes them from their male counter-part, it also however, misinterprets and generalizes the experiences of women while simultaneously excluding and discrediting other women. Evidently, according to Butler’s argument abiding by a unitary gender identity, rejects any other sexuality and regards them as deviant and improper to the norm. (Seidman, 217). It is often difficult to abandon such universal ideals especially because of how deeply and successfully they have integrated into modern day society. This idea of perceiving men and women as two distinctive and opposite types of

Importance of Recreation in Education †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: What is the Importance of Recreation in Education? Answer: Introduction: In simple terms the clear meaning of recreation is an activity of leisure, a short period of time in the entire day that is free from any stress or competitive challenges. Studies suggest that positive recreational activities, both indoor and outdoor, fortify the physical and mental health of the children. Incorporating recreational activities in the educational framework fo0r the children has proved to be elemental in generating sense of teamwork, good sportsmanship and cognitive skills (Roth et al. 2016). Moreover if the recreational activities are incorporated within the educational coursework it can provide the students with the opportunity to develop social skills like conflict resolution, cooperation and adjustment. It has to be considered in the rapidly changing world, we need to be very adaptive and participating in recreational activities will ensure that the students learn the art of adaptability from very early in their lives (Granero-Gallegos et al. 2012). The perk of the educational system integrating physical education and recreational activities will ensure that the students are given the opportunity to attain and practice these skills under the supervision of the educator (Lindeman 2015). This report will engage in evaluating the advantages and importance of recreation in the educational framework. The purpose of this report has been to evaluate and analyse the impact of recreation within the educational framework and the research method opted for this research study has been questionnaires and interviews. Findings: Figure showing the statistics of different leisure activities in men and women In the figure it is clear that leisure can be viewed as different dimensions to different demographics. Here it is clear that the leisure is seen as an activity mostly in men and as a state of mind in women. Moreover the graph entails that leisure is attained by engaging in any playful activity is more preferred by the male population that the female and more time for leisure activities is demanded by the men. Figure explains the demand of more recreational hampers in the curriculum. In this investigation, it is clear that the demand of more recreation within the context of educational curriculum has differential expectation. Here it is clear that the men are much more eager about inclusion of more recreational activities within the curriculum where the female students are not very supportive of this idea. Pi chart on the impact of recreational activities on future social skills The pi chart explains the opinion of male and female population on whether the recreational activities have a strong impact on the social skills and behaviour. The figure shows that the 53% of men agree of the fact that participating in the recreational activities has strong impact on developing the social skills however 13% of the men disagree to it. Now the figure also depicts that the 27% of the women subject agreed to the fact and while 7% of it disagreed to it. Analytical discussion: From the data collected it is clear that the male and female population have a differential view on the need and impact of recreation. From the first data set depicted in the figure 1, the men see recreational activities as an activity needing more time to play more where as for the majority of women recreation is a state of mind, to provide relaxation from the stressful activities of the day. Moreover the significant impact of recreational activities on the personal and social development has been supported by the men more than the women. Hence it is clear that the male students are more favourable of more recreational activities in the educational sector. A contributing factor to this can be the fact that the male students are more comfortable with participating in the recreational activities to relieve the stress and develop social skills while the female population refrain from active participation and seek leisure as a relieving state of mind from the stress and anxiety (Roth et al. 2016). Hence, including more recreational activities in the curriculum will encourage the female students to participate more in the outdoor activities and will also help the students generate different social skills to contribute to excellent personal development. The negative impact of too much focus on recreation can neglect the educational needs of the students (Michalos 2012). There is need for more extensive research to determine how the emphasis on recreation can impact the educational practices and whether the extra emphasis on the leisure activities can become detrimental to the educational development. Conclusion: On a concluding note it can be stated that education and recreation have equal and equivalent needs in the lives of students. Any misbalance in the emphasis on both this factors can become detrimental for the personal and professional development. Hence there is need for more extensive research to elicit more information on the impact of recreation on education and life in general to arrive at a more accurate and impact judgment. References: Granero-Gallegos, A., Baena-Extremera, A., Prez-Quero, F.J., Ortiz-Camacho, M.M. and Bracho-Amador, C., 2012. Analysis of motivational profiles of satisfaction and importance of physical education in high school adolescents.Journal of Sports Science and Medicine,11(4), pp.614-623. Lindeman, E.C., 2015.The meaning of adult education. Ravenio Books. Michalos, A.C., 2012.Global Report on Student Well-Being: Volume IV: Religion, Education, Recreation, and Health. Springer Science Business Media. Roth, K., Zittel, L., Pyfer, J. and Auxter, D., 2016.Principles and Methods of Adapted Physical Education Recreation. Jones Bartlett Publishers.

Second Universal Periodic Review of Australia

Question: Discuss about the Case Study for Second Universal Periodic Review of Australia. Answer: Introduction The Universal Periodic Review is associated with reviewing the human rights records of all the Member States of the United Nations periodically. Based on the idea that all countries and Member States should be treated equally, it is one of the giant steps taken by the Human Rights Council. This review gives an opportunity wherein all the countries and the Member States can give a declaration of what they have done so that the human rights in their areas are improvised, and the people can enjoy human rights to the fullest along with overcoming the challenges[1]. The Universal Periodic Review includes sharing the best human rights practices across the globe, and there is no other mechanism that exists at this point beyond this. The UPR was established in the year 2006 by the Human Rights Council in the General Assembly Resolution 60/251. Through this resolution, it was made mandatory by the Human Rights Council to make sure that a universal periodic review is undertaken, and objective and reliable information are dissipated. So that the States can reach a point where there would be no violation of human rights, and all shall have access to the objectives of the Human Rights Council. One of the basic elements of this Resolution was the Universal Periodic Review, and this was strengthened by the further resolutions namely 16/21 and 17/119. The mechanism of the cycle and the modalities were established by these two cycles and resolutions[2]. In this paper, the second round of Universal Periodic Review in Australia shall be analyzed, and the processes, issues, questions, controversies, criticisms and responses of the same shall be discussed. Second Round of UPR in Australia The State of Australia has its foundation by the rule of law and respects and gives values to the rights and freedom of every individual who is in Australia. Australia also boasts of a long tradition that is committed to supporting human rights on an international basis[3]Thus the national values of Australia are reflected in this and also the fact that protecting and promoting human rights is vital to the achievement of peace, security, freedom and dignity. It is also important in the Australian territory is profounded[4]. Australia has shown consistent progress towards addressing the issues of human rights and also recognizing that a continuous effort is required so that human rights standards can be maintained and existing challenges can be mitigated. Australia welcomed the review of Human Rights by the UPR. The working group consisted of 47 Member States and liked other reviews, the review of Australia was assisted by a group of three states called troikas that essentially served as rapporteurs. Process of the Review The reviews that are conducted are based on three principal evidentiary documents. These are, firstly, the information that is provided by the state which contains the reports presented by the independent human rights experts and other working groups known as Special Procedures and Treaty Bodies, secondly, the national report provided by the state which is under review and thirdly, the information that is received by the Working Body from other stakeholders like the human rights institutions and other non-governmental organizations[5]. The review in Australia took place by way of an open discussion or an interactive discussion that was done between Australia and the other Member States of the United Nations. The discussion took place while the Working Group of the UPR was in action. The Several Member States of the United Nations posed questions, commented on the answers given by the delegates of Australia, made recommendations to Australia and so on[6]. The troikas also took the effort of grouping issues and questions that were to be shared with Australia so that it could be ensured that the interactive dialogue that was taking place went on smoothly and orderly in a hassle free manner. During the first cycle, the duration of the review was three hours in the Working Group. In the second cycle, the duration was extended by thirty minutes and the interaction took place for three hours and thirty minutes on the whole[7]. Issues in the Review Several issues were discussed during the review that was of importance in the region of Australia. Firstly, the national priorities were discussed by the Working Group in an interactive open discussion. National priorities The Australian Government stated that they had focused on advancing civil and political rights. This included efforts taken by the government for the protection of freedom of speech, religion, and other rights that are protected by the common law. Over the recent years, several efforts have been taken to focus on the matter, and all these efforts were discussed in detail[8]. The government elaborated on the priority of the government that it wanted to ensure economic empowerment for the Australians by way of framed policies that are for upholding economic growth and specifically designed programs so that all the individual groups could be addressed. The appointment of the full-time Human Rights Commissioner by Australia was also discussed and the highlight was given on the civil and political rights issues of the Australian Human Rights Commission. Questions Raised The Working Group specifically asked whether efforts were taken by the Australian Human Rights Commission to address the issues of the persons who are under some disability[9] Controversies and Answers To the disability issue raised, the Commission specifically answered in affirmative and brought the framework of the National Disability Insurance Scheme. The priority set by the Commission to bridge the gap between indigenous and non-indigenous Australians was also discussed and the opportunities are given regarding health facilities, education, and the Commission highlighted employment schemes. They also discussed the efforts taken by the government to improvise on gender equality and reduction of violence against women. The proposed membership of Australia to get a position in the UN Human Rights Council in 2018-2020 was also stated in specific by the government to make sure that convincing replies are given to the questionnaires that were raised in this issue[10]. The Working Group was convinced that Australia had prioritized its focus on freedom of expression, gender equality, capacity building in Australia and good governance in the territory of Australia. Recognition of Indigenous Australians in the Constitution The Australian Government has a strong inclination towards upholding the interests of the Indigenous Australians. This has been strengthened by the inclusion of the Indigenous population in the Constitution of Australia, and thus the Australian Constitution has been rightly recognized as the Australia's First Peoples in the world. The indigenous population residing in Australia has been called to be the first inhabitants of the land there, and the referendum in this regard with massive supporting votes clearly indicates the will of the personages as well as the management. It is to make sure that these people are given all their rights and are not made or compelled to face any atrocities[11]. Questions Raised The question that was raised in this respect was that whether there will be enough funding or not to build up a campaign that can create awareness on the matter and also show support for the cause. The Troikas raised this question. Controversies and Answers The Government answered once again in the affirmative and said about the formation of a parliamentary committee that would be engaged in the Constitutional Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and thereby it would build a multi-party support. The agenda of the party would be to talk about particular referendum proposals and thereby identify the steps that would eventually lead to the successful completion of a referendum. The final report in this regard has already been provided by the government to the Parliament in June 2015. The recommendations of the report are in the consideration process by the government[12] Legal Protections The constitutional system of Australia is federal in nature and such a structure, all the legislative, executive and judicial powers are shared harmoniously between the Government of Australia and the six states along with the two self-governing territories. It has been ensured that human rights are given utmost protection across Australia by a large number of means. The common law in Australia also recognizes and protects the rights and freedoms that are enshrined there. Thus several legal precedents have been created and thus the courts and tribunals have got a basis on which their judicial pronouncements ought to be based. Principles of statutory interpretation have been developed by common law and these work in an integrated approach to protecting the human rights[13]. The courts have made it a point to make sure that parliament does not have any intention to interfere howsoever in the exercise and implementation of the fundamental human rights. In case any ambiguity arises at an y point in time, it has been mandated by legislations that the courts should presume that no legislation has been framed in such a way that it becomes inconsistent with the established rules of international law that also includes the international human rights obligations. Questions Raised The working group asked about the mechanisms in this regard that exist in the federal, state and territory level for enforcement. The domestic legislations were also questioned in this aspect. Controversies and Answers The discussing panel explained that mechanisms did exist at the federal, state as well as the territory level which made sure that the government acts consistently with the international obligations that Australia has. The legislative requirement that all the federal legislations are backed with an equal Statement of Compatibility as far as Human Rights in Australia is in question. This process is designed in such a way that all early and present requirements and considerations on human rights are addressed through coercive and persuasive policies as well legislative development[14]. The domestic legislations have also been designed in such a way that they protect human rights. For instance, the government took the example of the anti-discrimination law that prevails across all the jurisdictions. It is also aimed at implementation of the human rights on non-discrimination policies and ensuring equality amongst all[15]Further, the Privacy Act 1988 was also brought under consideration that took measures to effect the freedom of the population from all sorts of arbitrary or unlawful interference that are made with the privacy of the people[16] In fact, Evidence was also given by the fact that there are two jurisdictions within Australia which have enacted charters upholding Human Rights. Analysis The impossible to miss position of basic human rights in Australia shows up because of an intricate transaction of variables both regular and unmistakable: the customary law premise of the Australian legitimate framework; the elected structure of government. It is the part of the global law and worldwide lawful instruments and the ethnically blended nature of the Australian populace and specifically the position of the Aboriginal individuals[17] In endeavoring to defeat the shortcomings of acknowledged precedent-based law hypothesis, and of the absence of composed rights insurance in the Australian constitution, contentions are made which endeavor to infer human rights certifications. It is pretty much from the historical backdrop of custom-based law rehearse: the evasion by Parliament of obtuse laws, and the shirking by chairpersons of harsh practices[18]. These contentions have discovered some restricted backing in Australia in the Administrative Appeals Tribunal and the Federal Court, yet Justice Murphy of the High Court has endeavored to raise them to the status of the abrogating legitimate standard. Equity Murphy's perspective has not gone without reservations: the Federal Court has explicitly disassociated itself from it. Such reservations ought to themselves, in any case, be treated with some store, for regardless of the fact that the statement of such standards can't be very much established on precedent-based law po int. Thusly, the impact of certain global improvements may loan backing to it, and help with its hypothetical advancement[19]. Different recorded variables have formed the present rights circumstance. The position of the Aboriginal individuals, both monetary and as far as states of mind of the white lion's share, mirrors a background marked by partiality and abuse[20]. Regardless of the possibility that one expected a complete eagerness on the present white populace to enhance the Aboriginal position, the proceeding with impacts of that history gives tremendous deterrents. Expansive scale migration to Australia some time recently and especially after, the Second World War has created a very blended populace, in spite of the fact that the reasonable larger part (around 66%) still has its ethnic inceptions in the British Isles. These migrations occurred under a plan of government consolation and money related help with request to fill holes in the work market, under which regard for the issue of the human rights and balance of treatment of settlers expanded slowly from 1946 to 1970 through the respective barga ins into which Australia entered with nations which partook in the plan[21] However, in spite of such bargain advancements, and maybe because their more extensive rights ensure just late, or maybe because of they, for the most part, tended to just lawful and administrative separation, or maybe because, where private segregation was secured. Implementation measures were lacking, or maybe because an adequate venture of government assets and vitality was not given to the issue in an automatic manner. This movement design still uncovers itself in rather clear stratifications of chance and riches as indicated by ethnic cause[22]. A further recorded variable, which Australia offers with for all intents and purposes. Each and every other nation is the oppressive treatment of ladies, and it is maybe the ladies' development more than whatever other which, in any event initially (that is, in the late 1960s and mid-1970s), gave the jolt to the constantly developing consideration regarding human rights issues in this nation. Criticisms Australia holds a strong record of making sure that all the people living in the territory of Australia have access to the highest standards of protection of civil and political rights. However, one of the issues that have put the nation take a back seat in this regard is the failure of Australia to respect the international standards for the asylum seekers and those who are refugees, and this has taken a heavy toll on Australia and its efforts to uphold the highest standards of human rights. There are certain practices in the country that have particularly taken a step to make sure that human rights are not attained in totality in Australia. For instance, the mandatory detention of the asylum seekers is one such instance[23]. Confinement is just adequate on the off chance that it is brief, completely important, and founded after different choices have been actualized. Satisfactory purposes incorporate to check character; to decide the components on which the case for shelter is base d; the insurance of open request; or, if important, in situations where displaced people have decimated archives or utilized fake ones. Confined refuge seekers ought to dependably be educated of their rights including the privilege to challenge their detainment. Moreover, offshore processing is not free from all sorts of abuse in Australia, and this is another major violation of the human rights issues in the country. Further, refugee obligations are also outsourced here, and several other countries, in fact, condemn this. Detainment of exiles can keep going for a considerable length of time months or even years while their application advances through the administration. Australia is the main nation in the created world to detain exiles. In different nations, they are by, and large discharged into the group while their application is being handled. Thus, the United Nations also did the same and no satisfactory answers could be provided by the government of Australia in this regard. The counterterrorism laws framed by the Australian Government are also overly broad and too vague and thus in several instances, it has been seen that the rights of the indigenous population and those with disabilities goes through a major backlash. Recommendations Freedom is a major human right, similar to the refuge. When in doubt, confinement of shelter seekers is not adequate. It is especially undesirable when those confined incorporate the extremely powerless youngsters, single ladies, and individuals with extraordinary medicinal or mental needs, for example, torment casualties. They are not lawbreakers; they have as of now endured extraordinary hardship and imprisoning them isn't right. This has been explained to the government in the meeting[24]. Though no assurance has yet been received whether a stringent policy would be applied or not in this regard, however, the working of the local bodies and the NGOs indicates that this has been taken into consideration, and the policies are being framed to work on this issue. Furthermore, the government can also think regarding strengthening the application of the human rights legislations among the Indigenous population by educating them about their rights and freedom which they are entitled to access[25]. Only strengthening laws would not suffice unless and until efforts are taken by the government to implement these strengthened laws from the grass root level. If this is not done, then the entire policy would run out to be a wasted effort. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be said that Australia is one of those nations that can boast of upholding the highest standards of human rights. Every policy comes with certain flaws in it. Unless the mistakes are pointed out, none of the governments is strong enough to learn from their mistakes in a short span. The second round of Universal Periodic Review in Australia indicates the efforts that have been given by the government to strengthen the position of human rights in Australia and also making sure that the little fallacies that exist there are addressed from the root. Of course, there are certain areas that could have been worked upon by them and upon receiving the recommendations of the Working Group, the country has already started working on those areas. Thus, it can be said that these integrated efforts of Australia would surely make it one of the leading nations in the world that uphold human rights over the coming few years. Till then, it is expected from the Human R ights Commission to keep a vigilant check on the working of the Federal Government in Australia towards this end. 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